\(
\def\CC{{\mathbb C}}
\def\RR{{\mathbb R}}
\def\NN{{\mathbb N}}
\def\ZZ{{\mathbb Z}}
\def\TT{{\mathbb T}}
\def\CF{{\operatorname{CF}^\bullet}}
\def\HF{{\operatorname{HF}^\bullet}}
\def\SH{{\operatorname{SH}^\bullet}}
\def\ot{{\leftarrow}}
\def\st{\;:\;}
\def\Fuk{{\operatorname{Fuk}}}
\def\emprod{m}
\def\cone{\operatorname{Cone}}
\def\Flux{\operatorname{Flux}}
\def\li{i}
\def\ev{\operatorname{ev}}
\def\id{\operatorname{id}}
\def\grad{\operatorname{grad}}
\def\ind{\operatorname{ind}}
\def\weight{\operatorname{wt}}
\def\Sym{\operatorname{Sym}}
\def\HeF{\widehat{CHF}^\bullet}
\def\HHeF{\widehat{HHF}^\bullet}
\def\Spinc{\operatorname{Spin}^c}
\def\min{\operatorname{min}}
\def\div{\operatorname{div}}
\def\SH{{\operatorname{SH}^\bullet}}
\def\CF{{\operatorname{CF}^\bullet}}
\def\Tw{{\operatorname{Tw}}}
\def\Log{{\operatorname{Log}}}
\def\TropB{{\operatorname{TropB}}}
\def\wt{{\operatorname{wt}}}
\def\Span{{\operatorname{span}}}
\def\Crit{\operatorname{Crit}}
\def\into{\hookrightarrow}
\def\tensor{\otimes}
\def\CP{\mathbb{CP}}
\def\eps{\varepsilon}
\)
SympSnip: Geometry on Manifolds
In the broadest sense, differential geometry is the study of smooth manifolds equipped with additional data fixing some ``geometry'' on the space.
Usually, this geometry is obtained by imposing some geometry of vector spaces onto the tangent space of a smooth manifold.
An inner product on a vector space \(g: V\times V\to \RR\) determines a geometry on the vector space by specifying lengths and angles.
A Riemannian manifold is a pair \((X, g)\) where \(X\) is a smooth manifold and \(g\) denotes a family of inner products
\[g_p: T_pX\to T_pX\]
which vary smoothly on the parameter in \(p\in X\).
A Riemannian manifold has local notions of lengths and angles that determine geodesics, curvature, and volumes.
Many constructions in Riemannian geometry are determined locally, as there are no global obstructions to locally modifying the Riemannian metric.
However, Riemannian geometry posses some local invariants, which means that neighborhoods of points are distinguishable from each other using invariants such a curvature.
definition 0.0.1
A complex space is a vector space \(V\) of dimension \(2n\), along with a map of vector bundles \(J: V\to V\) with \(J^2=-\operatorname{id}_V\).
definition 0.0.2
An almost complex manifold is a pair \((X,J)\) where \(X\) is a \(2n\)-dimensional manifold equipped with a bundle morphism (called the almost complex structure)
\[J: TX\to TX\]
so at each fiber \((T_xX, J_x)\) is a complex vector space.
Symplectic geometry, when taken outside of its historical context, seems a bit artificially constructed.
definition 0.0.3
A symplectic vector space is a \(2n\)-dimensional vector space \(V\), along with a choice of symplectic form \(\omega: V\times V\to \RR\) which is an antisymmetric and satisfies any of the following equivalent non-degeneracy conditions:
- \(v \in V\) is the zero vector if and only if \(\iota_v\omega=0\),
- The symplectic form gives an isomorphism between \(V\) and its dual:
\begin{align*}
\omega:V\to V^* &&
v\mapsto \iota_v\omega,
\end{align*}
- The top form \(\omega^{n}\) is non-zero.
definition 0.0.4
A symplectic manifold is a pair \((X, \omega)\) where \(X\) is a smooth manifold of dimension \(2n\) equipped with a symplectic form
\[\omega\in \Omega^2(X; \RR).\]
which is closed (i.e. \(d\omega=0\)) and at each point \(x\in X\) makes the pair \((T_xX, \omega_x)\) a symplectic vector space.
If Riemannian geometry yields a theory of lengths and complex geometry a theory of preferred right-angles, then symplectic geometry gives a theory of signed areas.
There is a certain notion of compatibility between these three kinds of geometry. For example, notice that an inner product also identifies right angles and areas.
definition 0.0.5
Let \((X, \omega)\) be a symplectic manifold with almost complex structure \(J\).
Then we say that \(J\) is a \(\omega\)-compatible almost complex structure if
\[ g(v, w)=\omega(v, Jw)\]
is a Riemannian metric on \(X\).
Remarkably, having a symplectic structure is sufficient for the construction of a compatible almost complex structure.
proposition 0.0.6
Every symplectic manifold has a compatible almost-complex structure.